Cultural values(1)

CulturalValuesWhatarevalues?•ConciseOxfordDictionary:“one’sprinciplesorstandards:one'sjudgmentofwhatisvaluableorimportantinlife”.Hofstede:“abroadtendencytoprefercertainstatesofaffairsoverothers”.Typesofvalues•Universalvalues•Culture-specificvaluesVariationsofValueStudiesKluckhohnandStrodtbeck’sValueOrientationHofstede’sDimensionsofCulturalVariabilityEdwardTHall’sContext-CultureTheoryHumanNatureMan-natureTimeActivitySocialRelationshipIndividualismVsCollectivismUncertaintyAvoidancePowerDistanceMasculinityVsFemininityHigh-ContextLow-ContextBACK1BACK2…KluckhohnandStrodtbeck’spredictions•Humannatureorientation人性取向•Human-natureorientation人与自然的关系取向•Time-orientation时间取向•Activityorientation人类活动取向•Relationalorientation关系取向Humannatureorientation•evilbutperfectible.•mixture•goodbutcorruptible.Human-natureorientation•Subjugationtonature•Harmonywithnature•MasteryovernatureTaoism•Theindividualshouldsurrenderhimselftothevastnessofnatureinordertofindhistrueplaceintheworld.Bylearningtomovewithratherthanagainsttheforcesofnature,itwouldbepossibletofindone'sway,orTao.Timeorientation•Past•Present•FutureActivityorientation•Being（存在）:anondevelopmentalmodelofsociety.•Being-in-becoming（成为）:aspiritualgoalofinnerharmonyandpeace.•Doing（做）:activitythatleadstoexternalaccomplishmentsRelationalorientation•Collateralrelationship群体性取向•Hierarchicalrelationship等级制取向•Individualisticrelationship个体主义取向Hofstede’sresearch•Hofstede’sstudyof116,000questionnairesofIBMemployeescollectedin1968and1972.BACKHofstede’sresearchfindings(Xu,pp.99-110)•Hisisolationofsixculturaldimensions-Individualismvs.collectivism个体/集体主义-Powerdistance权力距离-Uncertaintyavoidance不确定性规避-Masculinityvs.femininity男性化/女性化-Longtermvs.shortterm长期/短期导向-Indulgencevs.restraint放任/抑制Individualismvs.collectivism•Individualismindicatestheextenttowhichasocietyisalooselyknitsocialframeworkinwhichpeoplearesupposedtotakecareonlyofthemselvesandtheirimmediatefamilies.3Individualismvs.collectivism•Collectivismindicatesatightsocialframeworkinwhichpeopledistinguishbetweenin-groupsandout-groupsandexpecttheirin-grouptolookafterthem.RankingofIndividualismCountryorRegionRankingCountryorRegionRankingU.S.A1Taiwan,China36Australia2Peru37GreatBritain3Pakistan38Canada4Colombia39Netherlands5Venezuela40ContrastsbetweenIndividualismandCollectivism(Table)+Powerdistance•Powerdistanceindicatestheextenttowhichasocietyacceptsthefactthatpowerininstitutionsandorganizationsisdistributedunequallyamongindividuals.Uncertaintyavoidance•Uncertaintyavoidanceindicatestheextenttowhichasocietyfeelsthreatenedbyambiguoussituationsandtriestoavoidthembyprovidingrules,believinginabsolutetruths,andrefusingtotoleratedeviance.+RankingofUncertaintyAvoidanceCountryorRegionRankingCountryorRegionRankingGreece1Ireland36Portugal2HongKong37Belgium3Sweden38Japan4Denmark39Yugoslavia5Singapore40*Alowscoremeansthecountrycanbeclassifiedasonethatdoesnotlikeuncertainty.Thelowerscore,thehigheruncertaintyavoidance.Masculinityvs.femininity•Masculinityindicatestheextenttowhichthedominantvaluesinasocietytendtowardsassertivenessandacquisitionofthingsandawayfromconcernforpeopleandthequalityoflife.RankingofMasculinityCountryorRegionRankingCountryorRegionRankingJapan1Yugoslavia36Austria2Denmark37Venezuela3Netherlands38Italy4Norway39Switzerland5Sweden40*AlowscoremeansthecountrycanbeclassifiedasonethatfavorsMasculinity.Long-termvs.short-term•Societieswithashort-termorientationgenerallyhaveastrongconcernwithestablishingtheabsolutetruth.Theyexhibitgreatrespectfortraditions,arelativelysmallpropensitytosaveforthefuture.•Insocietieswithalong-termorientation,peopleexhibitgreatrespectforfuture,astrongpropensitytosaveandinvest,thriftiness,andperseveranceinachievingresults.Indulgencevs.restraint•Indulgencestandsforasocietythatallowsrelativelyfreegratificationofbasicandnaturalhumandrivesrelatedtoenjoyinglifeandhavingfun.•Restraintstandsforasocietythatsuppressesgratificationofneedsandregulatesitbymeansofstrictsocialnorms.GroupWorkWorkwithyourgroupmemberstofindoutwhatvaluestheEnglishproverbsandsayingsmaysuggest(p.90)HighContextvs.LowContextEdwardHallHighcontextculture•Information(indirectandimplicit)•Contextispriority•e.g.Japanese,African-American,MexicanLowcontextculture•Information(directandexplicit)•Verbalmessageispriority•e.g.German,EuropeanAmerican,Swedish•ChinesePresidentHuJintaosaidChinahadmadeenormousprogressonhumanrightsbutacknowledgedthatalotstillneedstobedone•胡书记在回答有关人权状况的提问时表示，中国在保护和促进人权方面一直在作出努力，并取得了一定的进展，不过中国还有很多工作要做。ExerciseHighContextvs.LowContextReadtextbookpp.85-90,pp.99-110,pp.110-114.ReadMexicanDichos:LessonsThroughLanguageFurtherReadings…