逆向物流论文

目录摘要····················································································错误!未定义书签。Abstract···········································································错误!未定义书签。第一章绪论·····························································································11.1研究背景和意义···········································································11.2国内外研究现状···········································································41.2.1国内的研究现状·········································································41.2.2国外的研究现状·········································································51.3研究范围····················································································5第二章逆向物流的概述·······································································72.1逆向物流的概述··········································································72.1.1逆向物流的定义·········································································72.1.2逆向物流的内涵·········································································72.2逆向物流与正向物流的区别与联系···················································82.2.1逆向物流与正向物流的区别·····························································82.2.2逆向物流与正向物流的联系····························································112.3逆向物流的分类·········································································122.3.1根据业务范围分类········································································122.3.2根据回收后处理方式方法分类····················································13第三章逆向物流的运作模式······························································153.1企业自营的逆向物流模式·····························································153.3.1企业自营的逆向物流模式概述·························································153.1.2企业自营的逆向物流模式的优缺点···················································163.1.3企业自营的逆向物流模式可适用的条件与范围····································173.2企业联合经营逆向物流模式··························································173.2.1企业联合经营逆向物流模式概述······················································173.2.2企业联合经营逆向物流模式的优缺点················································183.2.3企业联合经营逆向物流模式可适用的条件与范围·································203.3企业外包逆向物流模式································································203.3.1企业外包逆向物流模式概述····························································203.3.2企业外包逆向物流模式的优缺点·················································213.3.3企业外包逆向物流模式可适用的条件与范围·······································22第四章逆向物流模式的选取································································234.1逆向物流模式的联系与区别··························································234.1.1不同企业逆向物流运作方式选择的案例分析·······································234.2逆向物流模式选取发展历程··························································264.3建立选取逆向物流模式的模型·······················································274.3.1层次分析法AHP概述·····································································274.3.2层次分析法AHP原理·····································································284.3.3AHP基本步骤···············································································284.3.4建立多层次模型···········································································304.3.4例子·························································································33总结与展望······························································································36参考文献····························································································38致谢·······································································································39第一章绪论1.1研究背景和意义随着我国经济的飞速发展，“物流”这个词进入了人们的日常生活，同时物流业也随之得到了迅速的发展。但是我们现在经常挂在嘴边的“物流”主要指的是“正向物流”——通过生产流通消费途径，满足顾客的需要。但是最近几年人们逐渐意识到我们的生活环境面临着资源日益紧缺然而各类废弃物数量却大幅增长的压力。随着“科学发展观”以及“资源节约型和环境友好型社会”的提出，人们的环保与节能意识逐渐加强。[1]许多废旧品的回收以及变废为宝重新利用越来越吸引大众的眼球成为社会一大热点话题，企业也逐步树立了用“循环使用”取代“一次使用”的观点，环保也引起了许多国家的重视，加强了这方面的立法，在责任与法律的双重作用下，企业开始重视废旧物品的回收。同时随着网络及电子商务的发展，“网购”这个词不再神秘，走进了寻常百姓家。“网购”相对于平时出门采购确实便利，但是同时出现了退货率较高的现象。为了解决以上两种现象，一种新型的物流模式——从消费者一端逆向回流到生产商一端应运而生，我们把这种与传统物流方向相反的物流模式被称为“逆向物流”。同时“逆向物流”的推广可以带来生态效益、企业的经济效益、社会效益。由于我国重视“全面协调可持续发展的和谐社会”，在全社会人们物质生活水平提高的同时，在其精神方面文化素质也有了很大的提升，近几年来表现最突出的是环保意识比较强，绿色消费观念逐渐推广，消费者对环境的要求也越来越高。另外我国虽然总资源丰富，但由于人口众多，人均资源稀缺贫乏以及环境污染问题逐渐使人们提高了警惕。[2]一些废旧产品对环境产生巨大的破坏力超出了我们的想象。下面我用我们比较熟悉的废旧电池的危害来说一下——废旧电池一直是危害环境的一号杀手！一粒小小的钮扣电池污染的水量竟可达到600立方米，这相当于一个人一生所需的饮水。若你将一节一号电池随意丢弃，造成的后果是使一平方米的土地再也不能生长任何植物而失去耕地价值，最严重的是这种污染是永久性的，不可能恢复的。众所周知电池里包含了汞、铅、镉等众多重金属，而且这几种物质对自然环境威胁都较大。其中汞的毒性十分剧烈，当废弃在自然界电池中的汞慢慢从电池中溢出来后会进入土壤或水源，农作物会被污染，由于食物链的存在，汞会随之进入人的身体从而损伤人的肾脏。另外无机汞在微生物的作用下就会转化成为甲基汞，鱼类食用被污染的水源后，甲基汞在鱼类的身体里日益聚集增加，当我们人类食用了这种被污染的鱼后，甲基汞会随血液流入我们的大脑，会对我们人体的中枢神经系统造成巨大的破坏，使人的中枢神经系统受到严重破坏，严重者甚至会发疯致死。震惊中外的发生在上世纪五十年代日本的水俣病经过层层调查，最后调查出的罪魁祸首竟然是汞。铅经呼吸道和消化道进入人体后，随着血液循环对机体的影响是全身性的和多系统的，主要表现在神经系统，消化系统和血液系统。对于神经系统而言，如果铅中毒较轻会出现“神经衰弱症候群”例如经常会出现头痛、头晕、全身无力且酸痛难忍、易做梦，甚至会出现记忆力快速减退等。铅中毒较深的重症者会患神经炎，表现为肢体感觉逐渐减弱，出现运动障碍，严重的甚至中毒性脑病导致精神障碍。对于消化系统来说，一般铅中毒患者的口腔卫生状况不好，硫化铅等细小颗粒会在牙龈的边缘上堆积，有时会在牙龈的边缘上出现蓝线也叫“铅线”，影响个人的形象问题。如果中毒较轻，常见的会出现饭后感觉不舒服、恶心想吐