专题二主旨要义(讲解部分)-高考英语(新高考)一轮复习

专题二主旨要义高考英语方法技巧一、主旨要义类题目常见的设问方式1.Themainidea/keypointofthispassageisthat.2.Thepassageismainlyabout.3.Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassageis.4.Thetopic/subjectdiscussedinthispassageis.5.Fromthepassagewecanlearn/concludethat.6.Thelastparagraphischieflyconcernedwith.7.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepas-sage?8.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthethemeofthepassage?二、掌握识别主题句的常用方法段落的主题通常由被称为主题句(TopicSentence)的句子来表示。主题句有两个功能:一是介绍段落的主题(Topic);二是阐述控制概念(ControllingIdea),控制概念用以控制段落中句子讨论的内容。主题句通常是一段的第一句或末尾一句,偶尔在一段中间。我们在阅读非故事性文章如科普文章的时候,主题句尤其明显。有的文章无明显的主题句,而是把主题句隐含在段意之中。1.主题句位于段首主题句位于段首是由作者先立论,后摆事实讲道理的写作手法形成的。这种段落称作演绎型段落。在英语议论文或说明文中,有60%~90%的主题句是段落的第一句。这样的段落模式可用倒三角(▽)来表示。(1)寻找主题句有些段落有明显的引出细节的信息词,常见的信息词有forexample,anex-ampleof,themostimportantexample,first,second,next,then,last,finally,tobe-ginwith,also,besidesthat等。在阅读中,应尽量利用上述信息词确定主题句的位置。从该段落中的forexample可以断定上一句是主题句。如果无明显的信息词,可先假设第一句为主题句,在第二句前面添加一个forexample,看看第二句是否可以支撑第一句话,如果第二句不能支撑第一句话,便在其他地方找出主题句。(2)选择答案先彻底弄懂主题句的句意,然后阅读A、B、C和D四个选项,选择与主题句句意相吻合的答案,如主题句的再现,主题句句意的复述或推论等,排除与主题句句意无关的答案,如支撑细节和文章中未曾阐述的事实等。2.主题句位于段末主题句位于段末是作者采用了先摆事实,后作结论的手法。这种段落称作归纳型段落。这种段落的模式可用正三角(△)来表示。3.主题句位于段落的中间主题句偶尔也出现在段落的中间,但不一定就在正中间。有时第一句并非主题句,而是承上启下的过渡句。在这种情况下,第二句便成了主题句。此外,主题句也可能是段落的倒数第二句。这种段落模式可用菱形(◇)来表示。这种图形可看做是△和▽的合二为一(△▽)。这种段落是从支撑细节开始,发展到结论(出现主题句)。当主题句出现后,又进一步用细节支持说明,其安排顺序是:次要—重要—次要。4.主题句隐含在段意之中有些段落没有明显的主题句,其中心思想包含在各个句子中,这就要求读者依据已知的细节,归纳出段落的中心思想。这种段落模式可用正方形(□)来表示。三、主旨要义类题目常用的解题方法1.总结大意题总结大意————,,()——()段首借助段落主题句归纳常见位置段中段末借助主题词或关键词归纳抓住文中出现频率较高的主题词或关键词然后对其概括和归纳确定文章的主旨大意首段新闻报道、议论文、说明文借助文章主题段归纳常见位置末段记叙文、议论文典例1(2019课标全国Ⅰ,D片段)Popularityisawell-exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories:thelikableandthestatusseekers.Thelikables’plays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere'sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence:statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A.Theclassificationofthepopular.B.Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.C.Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.D.Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior.解析本题考查段落大意。浏览全段可迅速找到段落中心句:MitchPrin-stein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocate-gories。由此可知本段对受欢迎的人进行分类。答案A典例2AlongtheriverbanksoftheAmazonandtheOrinocotherelivesabirdthatswimsbeforeitcanfly,flieslikeafatchicken,eatsgreenleaves,hasthestomachofacowandhasclaws(爪)onitswingswhenyoung.Theybuildtheirhomesabout4.6mabovetheriver,animportantfeature(特征)forthesafetyoftheyoung.Itiscalledthehoatzin.Inappearance,thebirdsofbothsexeslookverymuchalikewithbrownonthebackandcreamandredontheunderside.Theheadissmall,withalargesetoffeathersonthetop,brightredeyes,andblueskin.Itsnearestrelativesarethecommonbirds,cuckoos.Itsmoststrikingfeature,though,isonlyfoundintheyoung.Babyhoatzinshaveaclawontheleadingedgeofeachwingandanotherattheendofeachwingtip.Usingthesefourclaws,togetherwiththebeak(喙),theycanclimbaboutinthebushes,lookingverymuchlikeprimitivebirds.Whentheyounghoatzinshavelearnedtofly,theylosetheirclaws.DuringthedriermonthsbetweenDecemberandMarchhoatzinsflyabouttheforestingroupsof20to30birds,butinApril,whentherainyseasonbegins,theycollecttogetherinsmallerlivingunitsoftwotosevenbirdsforproducingpurposes.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Hoatzinsindryandrainyseasons.B.Therelativesandenemiesofhoatzins.C.PrimitivebirdsandhoatzinsoftheAmazon.D.Theappearanceandlivinghabitsofhoatzins.解析本题考查全文主旨大意。通读全文可知,文章主要介绍了麝雉(thehoatzin)的外表特征以及生活习性,故选D项。答案D2.最佳标题最佳标题——,111?—11?—,——,——,——,中心句法根据文章中心句提炼主题词充当文章标题将文章的写作对象和其主要特点、方法意义或影响整合充当文章的标题当文章的写作对象的特点较多时常用写作对象的名称作为文章的标题概括性抽象、准确、简短常用一个短语或一句话特点针对性标题外延正好与文章内容相符避免以偏概全醒目性新颖奇特激发读者的阅读兴趣典例3ToomuchTV-watchingcanharmchildren'sabilitytolearnandevenreducetheirchancesofgettingacollegedegree,newstudiessuggestinthelatestef-forttoexaminetheeffectsoftelevisiononchildren.Oneofthestudieslookedatnearly400northernCaliforniathird-graders.ThosewithTVsintheirbedroomsscoredabouteightpointsloweronmathandlanguageartsteststhanchildrenwithoutbedroomTVs.Asecondstudy,lookingatnearly1,000grown-upsinNewZealand,foundlowereducationlevelsamong26-year-oldswhohadwatchedlotsofTVdur-ingchildhood.Buttheresultsdon'tprovethatTVisthecauseanddon'truleoutthatalreadypoorlymotivatedyoungsters(年轻人)maywatchlotsofTV.TheirstudymeasuredtheTVhabitsof26-year-oldsbetweenages5and15.ThosewithcollegedegreeshadwatchedanaverageoflessthantwohoursofTVperweeknightduringchildhood,comparedwithanaverageofmorethan2.5hoursforthosewhohadnoeducationbeyondhighschool.IntheCaliforniastudy,childrenwithTVsintheirroomsbutnocomputerathomescoredthelowest,whilethosewithnobedroomTVbutwhohadhomecomputersscoredthehighest.WhilethisstudydoesnotprovethatbedroomTVsetscausedthelowerscores,itaddstoaccumulatingfindingsthatchildrenshouldn'thaveTVsintheirbedrooms.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthistext?A.ComputersorTelevisionB.EffectsofTelevisiononChildrenC.StudiesonTVandCollegeEducationD.