英国文学导论

HistoryandAnthologyofEnglishLiteratureIntroductionWhatarewegoingtolearninthissection?Wewillfocuson:TherequirementsofthecourseDefinitionofliterature,mainforms\genresandelementsofeachtypeMainperiodsofEnglishliterature,writersofeachperiodandtheirmajorworksRequirementsoftheCourseCourseTitle:HistoryandAnthologyofEnglishLiteratureAssessment:FinalScore=60%FinalExam+20%Mid-exam(orCoursePaper)+20%ClassPerformanceClassPerformancewillbeassessedmainlyaccordingtoyourclassattendanceandclassinvolvement.CoursePaperisthemainformofMid-termexam,whichrequiresyoutowriteformallyaboutsomeliteraryworks.RequirementsoftheCourseCoursePaperGuidanceTopics:concentrateyourpaperononeoftherecommendedtopicareastodiscuss.Structure:writeyourpaperintheformofanacademicpaper.Thatis,withanintroductorypart,adevelopmentpart,aconclusion,abstract,keywords,notes,andbibliography.UseofReferencesarestronglyrecommended.Language:writeyourpaperinacceptedEnglish,withtheleastgrammaticalmistakes.Format:Followtheregularformatforanacademicpaper.RequirementsoftheCourseCoursePaperGuidance:SpecialNotice!!!Writeyourownpaper.Allideasandphrasesthatarenotyourown,whethertheyarederivedfromprintedsources,resourcesontheinternet,orlectures,mustbeacknowledged.Failuretoacknowledgeyoursourceswillresultinpartialortotallossofmarksforthatpieceofwork.Inmoreseriouscasesitwillresultinfailureintheunitofstudy.Studentswhoallowtheirworktobecopiedandpassedoffastheworkofanotherstudentwillberegardedascomplicitinanactofplagiarism.DefinitionofLiteratureLiterature(FromLatinlitteraletter),istheartofwrittenworks.InWesternculturethemostbasicwrittenliterarytypesincludefictionandnonfiction.Fictionreferstothecreativeandfigurativeuseoflangrageunderwhich,therearefourgenres:novels,shortstories,playsandpoems.Non-fictioniscalledaliteralexpressionoflifeordiscursivewriting.Anothertermfornon-fictionisessay,whichistraditionallyclassifiedintofourcategories:description,narration,exposition,andargumentation.Infiction,thefourgenresarerarelycombined,butinessays,thefourtypesrarelyappearalone.MainForms\GenresofLiteratureFiction:BYLENGTH:shortstory;shortnovel;full-lengthnovel;Trilogy;Tetralogy.BYSUBJECTMATTER:picaresquenovel(传奇小说,以流浪汉[歹徒]等的冒险事迹为题材的);gothicnovel;;psychologicalnovel;sociologicalnovel(thesisnovel);proletariatnovel;romance.Poetry:ballad;lyric;narrativepoem;epic;sonnet;ode;elegy;pastoral;blankverse;freeverseDrama:comedy;tragedy(Film)GothicNovelGothicnovelasonebranchoftheEnglishliteratureandthefatherofhorrormoviesoriginsfromTheCastleofOtranto(1764).Moreimportantly,itleadshabituallywithdarknessandhorror.Gothicelementsincludehorror,mystery,supernaturalphenomenon,misfortune,death,hauntedhouses,andfamilycurses.哥特小说，属于英语文学派别，是西方通俗文学中惊险神秘小说的一种。一般被认为随着贺瑞斯·华尔波尔的《奥特朗图堡》而产生。哥特小说可以说是恐怖电影的鼻祖，更重要的是，它使我们今天习惯地将哥特式与黑暗、恐怖联系在一起。显著的哥特小说元素包括恐怖，神秘，超自然，厄运，死亡，颓废，住着幽灵的老房子，癫狂，家族诅咒等。ElementsofFictionTheme:controllingideaorcentralinsight;PlotandStructure:howisthestorytold,acompletephaseofaplotincludesexposition,conflict,climax,denouement.Character:personsinvented,protagonist.Setting:aparticulartimeandplace;PointofView:outlookandattitudeofanarrator,astandpoint,thefirst-personnarrativeandthethird-personnarrativeToneandStyle:ironic,abstract,concrete…GuidelinesforReadingFictionReadthroughthestoryforenjoymentConsiderthestoryfromthestandpointoftheelementsTrytointerpretitaccordingtoyourownunderstandingWriteformallyaboutitElementsofPoetryRhyme:therepetitionofthestressedvowelsoundandallsucceedingsounds;mostobviouscharacteristicofapoem;rhymescheme(eg.ababc);Rhythm:thearrangementofstressedandunstressedsyllables;meter节拍,格律(iamb抑扬格,trochee扬抑格…)foot音步(monometer单音步,…pentameter五音步…).StanzaicForms:averseparagraph,arhythmicalunit(couplet,heroiccouplet,triplet,quatrain,sonnet)ElementsofPoetryFigureofSpeech:simile,metaphor,personification,paradox,ambiguity,onomatopoeia;Tone:mood,voice,attitudeandoutlookofapoet(eg.cold,eager,uncertain,boastful,protecting…)Image:senseimpressions(trees….)tocreateatmosphere,tofocusanidea…Theme:emotion-arousing(anovelisalwaysthought-provoking)ElementsofPoetrySpecialRhymesAlliteration(头韵)istherepetitionofconsonants,especiallyatthebeginningofwordsorstressedsyllables.Forexample:“WhileInodded,nearlynapping,suddenlytherecameatapping”Assonance（元韵）istherepetitionofsimilarvowelsoundswithinanoticeablerange.Forexample,“Alldaythewindbreatheslowwithmellowertone”Consonance(辅音韵)istherepetitionofidenticalconsonantsoundsbeforeandafterdifferentvowels.Forexample,“tit”and“tat”“creak”and“crack”ElementsofPoetryMetricalRhythmMeterisbasedonsyllables,indicatinghowstressedandunstressedsyllablesarearranged.Forexample,iamb:astressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable.(U/)andtrochee/U,anapestUU/.Footisappliedwithinasingleline,indicatinghowmanymetersareemployedinthatline.ForExample:ShallI\compare\theeto\asum\mer’sdayThouart\morelovelyandmoretemperateAsisshownabove,thesyllablesarearrangedinthepatternoftheunstressedandstressed(U/),sothemeterisiambic.Andeachofthelinescontainsfiveiambicunits(iamb),sot