Chinese-and--Western-Cultural-Thought-Patterns

中西文化比较思维模式差异[e-mail]inkingContrastbetweenWesternandChineseCulturesHowIsTheModeofThinkingFormed?Modeofthinking思维模式Humanthinkingmainlyconsistsofsuchelementsasknowledge,ideology,methodology,intelligence,emotion,willpower,languageandhabits.Theinter-relationshipandinteractionoftheseelementsformadynamiccomplexsystemknownasthemodeofthinking.人类思维主要由知识、观念、方法、智力、情感、意志、语言、习惯等八大要素组成。这些要素相互联系，相互作用，形成思维模式这样一个动态复杂的系统。Modeofthinking思维模式Themodeofthinkingiscloselyrelatedtotheworldview.Itistheconcentratedembodimentofallculturalandpsychologicalpropertiesandisshapedinacertainhistorical,socialandgeographicalenvironment.思维模式与世界观密切相关，它是各种文化心理素质的集中体现，它在一定的历史、社会、地理环境中形成。Conversely,aperson’sestablishedmodeofthinkingconditionsandevendetermineshis/herformationofjudgmentandpatternofbehaviorinacertainsituation.反过来，一个人定型的思维模式制约、甚至决定他/她在一定场合所形成的判断和行为。W-CDifferenceinModeofthinking中西思维模式差异Thewesternmodeislinear,inclinedtodissectthingsintopartsandanalyzetheirrelationships,stressingabstractreasoningandcharacterizedmainlybyitsanalyticalnature.Linearanalysisandcircularsynthesis线析环综TheChinesemodeiscircular,andtendstosynthesizepartsandexaminethewholeandemphasizetheacquisitionofintuitiveinsightwithholisticthinkingasitsmainfeature.西方模式如同直线切划，细分明析，注重抽象推理，以分析性思维为其主要特点。中国模式犹如圆环内封，综观合察，寻求直觉顿悟，以综合性思维为其主要特点。Plato(428-347B.C.)柏拉图gnosis/knowledge/知识noesis/reason/理性dianoia/idea/观念pistis/faith/信念eikasia/imagination/想像Plato’sdividedlineofknowledgeAlineofabstraction线型的抽象过程EightTrigrams八卦图‘大人’者与天地合其德，与日月合其明，与四时合其序，与鬼神合吉凶。《周易·乾卦·文言》Agreatmanidentifieshimselfwithheavenandearthforvirtues,withthesunandthemoonforbrightness,withfourseasonsfororder,andwithgodsandspiritsforluck.《周易》：一阴一阳之谓道。TaoconsistsinYinandYang.TheBookofChanges(600BC)ReferringtoWesternmodeofthinking,QianXuesen(1986)said:“Abstractivethinkingseemstobelinearorbranch-like.“抽象思维似乎是线型或枝型的。”—钱学森ReferringtoChinesemodeofthinking,ShenXiaolong(1990)said:“Thisisacirculardialecticmodeofthinkingwithastrongplastic,flexibleandstochasticnature.“这是一种有着极强可塑性、伸张性、随机性的圆式辩证思维方式。”—申小龙Modeofthinking思维模式Analytical,abstract,logical分析性、抽象性、逻辑性Holistic,imaginal,intuitive整体性、形象性、直觉性Concept,judgment,inference概念、判断、推理Intuition,insight,imagination直觉、顿悟、想象WesternModeofThinkingChineseModeofThinkingDr.Kaplan:Editor-in-ChiefoftheAnnualReviewofAppliedLinguistics卡普兰:《应用语言学评论年刊》主编MajorDifferencesChineseModeofThinking中国思维模式WesternModeofThinking西方思维模式Holistic整体Analytical分析1Intuitive直觉Logical逻辑2Imaginal形象Abstract抽象3Ethical伦理Cognitive认知4Fuzzy模糊Accurate精确5Intentional意向Objective对象6Convergent求同Divergent求异7Past-focused后馈Future-focused前瞻8Inward内向Outward外向9Inductive归纳Deductive演绎10ChineseModeWesternModeHolistic整体性Analytical分析性Intuitive直觉性Logical逻辑性Imaginal形象性Abstract抽象性Ethical伦理型Cognitive认知型Fuzzy模糊性Accurate精确性Intentional意向性Objective对象性Convergent求同性Divergent求异性Past-focused后馈性Future-focused前瞻性Inward内向性Outward外向性Inductive归纳型Deductive演绎型ChineseModeWesternModeHolistic整体性Analytical分析性Intuitive直觉性Logical逻辑性Imaginal形象性Abstract抽象性Ethical伦理型Cognitive认知型Fuzzy模糊性Accurate精确性Intentional意向性Objective对象性Convergent求同性Divergent求异性Past-focused后馈性Future-focused前瞻性Inward内向性Outward外向性Inductive归纳型Deductive演绎型Holistic整体Analytical分析1Nisbett’sTestRichardE.NisbettWhathaveyouseeninthepicturebelow?Whathaveyouseeninthepicture?MostAmericanStudents:(88.5%,May27,2011)SixtigersfrolickingTigersplayingaroundTigersskippingaboutGambollingtigersTigersfightingTigersattackingeachotherTigershuntingforfoodMostChineseStudents:(90.2%,April17,2011)Sixtigers,Mountains,rocksWaterfalls,Astream,PinesandothertreesGrassAutographandsealHolistic整体Holisticthinkinginvolvesanorientationtothecontextorfieldasawhole,includingattentiontorelationshipsbetweenafocalobjectandthefield,andapreferenceforexplainingandpredictingeventsonthebasisofsuchrelationships.Nisbett（2001）整体思维倾向于把情境或场看作是一个整体，注重某一突出的物体及其场的关系，并凭借这种关系来解释和预见事物的情状。Analytical分析Analyticalthinkinginvolvesdetachmentoftheobjectfromitscontext,atendencytofocusonattributesoftheobjectinordertoassignittocategories,andapreferenceforusingrulesaboutthecategoriestoexplainandpredicttheobject’sbehavior.分析思维倾向于把物体从其情境中分离出来，关注该物体性质以便于归类，并注重运用归类的规则来解释和预见事物的情状。Holistic整体Analytical分析Westernerstendtobeanalyticalandpaymoreattentiontothekey,orfocalobjectsinascene—forexample,concentrationonthewomaninthe“MonaLisa”,asopposedtotherocksandskybehindher.Chinese,bycontrast,tendtobeholistic.Theylookatthewholepictureandrelyoncontextualinformationwhenmakingdecisionsandjudgmentsaboutwhattheysee.西方人倾向于分析思维，更多地关注某一场景中的主要或突出物体，例如在“蒙娜丽莎”这幅画中，关注画中的人而非她身后的岩石与天空。中国人倾向整体思维，他们往往观察整个画面，并依靠在情景中所获得的信息对所观察事物作出决定和判断。WesternEncyclopediaarrangedbyclassificationAnimals,plants,objectsaredivided,sub-divided…西方的百科全书层层切分，种类归属分明。ClassificationUnitsofPlantsandAnimals:kingdom,division,class,order,family,genus,species界、门、纲、目、科、属、种ChineseLeishuAcollectionofpolitical,socialandethicaldataarrangedcircularlyinanemperor-centeredfashion.中国古代类书是以皇帝为中心的环式体例。唐代《艺文类聚》、宋代《太平御览》、明代《永乐大典》、清代《古今图书集成》WesternArticlesCleardivisionintheorganizationofarticlestitle,sub-title,ch