GMAT曼哈顿语法总结2014年必胜!!最终版2014.7.17

1GMAT曼哈顿语法总结（自己手打总结）为了给逻辑和阅读题目留出更多的时间，每道语法题目最好在1分半到1分钟之内完成。需要运用split法进行排除。句首和句尾是split的关键，否则就没必要划线了。第二章语法和语义GMAT句子改错最重要的是语义和语法。语义是句子作者的intendedmeaning.这种originalintendedmeaning才是句子的真实句义。任何改变句义的选项都是错误的，语义是最最最重要的，通过语法来判断句义是辅助的，所以不能拘泥于语法，而是通过句义来判断作者的原意。所以，可以通过逻辑来找句义，而通过语法来排除那些特别错误的选项。Oneofyourtasksistochoosetheanswerchoicethattransmitstheauthor’sintentasclearlyaspossible.Don’taltertheauthor’sintentwhenyoumakeyourchoice!(如果句子原文的句义没有错的话，则不能改变句义)AggravateaggravatingKnownasknowntobeLossoflossinMandatehaveamandateNativeofnativetoRangeofrangingRateofratesforRiseraise2Trytodotrydoing区别以上词汇的含义区别句子里任何一个小词的改变，比如虚拟词汇的改变，或者词的位置的改变都会改变句子的含义，所以一定要细细体会这些“小词”的含义。Will:certainMay:uncertainMust:absolutelynecessaryShould:morallyobligated(ontheGMAT,shouldalmostalwaysmeans“morallyobligation”,notlikelihood)Would:hypotheticalPayattentiontotheoriginalsentence’shelpingverbs—andonlychangethemiftheoriginalsentenceisobviouslynonsensical.句子中任何一个词的位置的变化也会改变句子的含义：Allthechildrenarecoveredinmud.Thechildrenareallcoveredinmud.OnlythecouncilvotesonThursdays.ThecouncilvotesonlyonThursdays.Ifawordchangesitspositionintheanswerchoices,considerwhetherthechangehasanimpactonthemeaningofthesentence.LookoutespeciallyforshortwordsthatquantifynounsorotherwiserestrictmeaningThecouncilgrantedtherighttomakelegalpetitionstocity3officials.(有歧义，改成：ThecouncilgrantedCITYOFFICIALStherighttomakelegalpetitions.OrTherighttomakelegalpetitionstoCITYOFFICIALSwasgrantedbythecouncil.句子含义一定要合乎逻辑（wemustrememberthatthesubjectandtheverbmustmakesensetogether）句子含义：避免多余（norightanswerontheGMATwillcontainredundantwords）比较常见的多余的形式是使用同一含义的词，比如：Thevalueofthestockroseby10%increase.应改为：Thevalueofthestockincreaseby10%,orthevalueofthestockroseby10%.再如：Thethreepricessumtoatotalof$11.56应改为：Thethreepricessumto$11.56.OrThethreepricestotal$11.56表示时间的词汇：要注意一句话中只能出现一次表示同一含义的词，如果还要出现，则必须要有道理才行。(PureredundancyisalwayswrongontheGMAT)Past:previously,formerly,inthepast,beforenowPresent:now,currently,presently,atpresentYearly:annualeachyear,ayear简洁原则：ConcisionispreferenceonSCproblems.However,somepeoplearebetteroffneverapplyingitontheGMAT)4自己总结：从逻辑找句义，从语法判断句子是否正确书写，简洁原则是最后关注的），一切都服从句义。Problemset1.Howmatterhowmuchworkitmayrequire,gettingMBAturnsouttobeawiseinvestmentformostpeople(correct,但是不太明白那个it代表什么)2.Eventhoughitrequiresmuchwork,gettingMBAturnsouttobeawiseinvestmentformostpeople(incorrect,因为它改变了句子的原意)3.Sheisthemostdedicatedgardenerontheblock,everydaywateringthemorethan50plantsinheryard.(correct,morethan修饰50plantsinheryard)4.Sheisthemostdedicatedgardenerontheblock,everydaywateringmorethanthe50plantsinheryard.（incorrect,morethan修饰the50plantsinheryard，隐含的意思是除了给50浇水之外，还给其他东西浇水，改变了句子的含义）5.HectorremembersSanFranciscoasitwaswhenhelefttenyearsago.(correct,不太明白这句话的含义)6.StudentsatCarverHighSchoolareencouragedtopursueonlythoseextracurricularactivitiesfromwhichstemssuccessincollegeapplications.(correct,个人认为是倒装，详细见第三章的flipit)7.StudentsatCarverHighSchoolareencouragedtopursueonlythoseextracurricularactivitiesfromwhichsuccessincollegeapplications5stems.(correct,flipit)第三章主语和谓语的一致任何一个句子里，主语和谓语必须在逻辑上和语义上都是makesense的一、一个句子中主语和谓语必须都有，否则为fragment:GMAT错误句子常见方式：1.droptheverbs:Theelectronnamedin1894.2.连词开头且没有主句：becausethedogwasnevermine二、主语和谓语必须合理makesenseThedevelopmentofahydrogencarbasedonexpectedperformanceparameterswillbeabletotravelhundredsofmileswithoutrefueling.(incorrect)Oncedeveloped,ahydrogencarbasedonexpectedperformanceparameterswillbeabletotravelhundredsofmileswithoutrefueling.(correct)三、主语和谓语必须在数量上一致GMAToftentriestoconfuseyoubeforeyoumakethesubject-verbmatch.如何找句子中的主语呢：1.eliminatethemiddlemen,andskipthewarmupGMAThidesthesubjectinafewways:themostcommonwaybyfaristoinsertwordsbetweenthesubjectandtheverb:介词短语：(NearGalway),thehouses(ontheroadtoSpiddle)aregorgeous.6从句：（likeprepositionsphrases,manysubordinateclausesmodifyotherpartsofthesentence,actingasbigadjorbigadv.Somesubordinateclausesevenactasbignouns）(Whentheauditorsleft),theexecutive(whohadbeeninterviewed)wasglad.其他修饰语：例如现在分词，过去分词等修饰语，往往利用逗号可以很好的找到修饰语。(Limping,)thehorse(onceconsideredoneofthefavorites)wastakenaway.2.利用结构来判断主语Anouninaprepositionalphrasecannotbethesubjectofthesentence.(后文有例外)Inthewaningdaysoftheemperor’slife,theconquest(ofnewlandsonthebordersoftheempire)wasconsideredvital.Thetidalforces(towhichanobjectfallingintoablackholeissubjected)aresufficienttoteartheobjectapart.3.Andvs.Additivephrases只有AND改变主语的复数形式，其他表示“和”的词语都只是修饰，可以省略看待。Additivephrases:alongwith,inadditionto…,aswellas…,accompaniedby…,togetherwith…,including…Onlythewordandcanchangeasingularsubjectintoapluralone.Singularsubjectsfollowedbyadditivephrasesremainsingularsubjects.7Example:Joe,aswellashisfriends,isgoingtothebeach.Mathematics,inadditiontohistoryandsciences,isarequiredsubject.表示“学科、疾病、一些活动（如杂技）”等词都是单数形式。Rules:（1）Or,either…or,neither…nor:就近原则Neitherthecoachnortheplayersaregoingtothebeach.Neithertheplayersnorthecoachisgoingtothebeach.（2）Either,neither…:总是单数（3）集合名词：总是单数：Agency,army,audience,class,committee,crowd,orchestra,team,baggage,citrus,equipment,fleet,fruit,furniture…（例外：如果句义强调集合名词