there-it

Lecture28ExistentialsentenceBR__warm_Brainstorming-DiscussionStructureThere+be+NP+LocativeExpression+(Temporalexpression)存在句的实义主语名词词组通常是非确定特指，即通常带有不定冠词，零冠词及其他表示非确定意义的限定词，如some,any,no,several,many,much,more,(a)few,(a)little,less,another,alotof,aplentyof,a(large)numberof,enough以及基数词等，而且名词中心词可以带有前置、后置修饰语。eg:1Therearesomeapplesonmytable2Thereisstillalotofworktobedonebeforethehouseisreadyforoccupation3Thereisacherrytreeinmygarden.4Therearetwenty-ninestudentsinmyclass.存在句的谓语动词be的某种形式:限定形式非限定形式。☆be的限定形式★一般现在时，一般过去时，现在完成时，过去完成时。1一般现在时Thereisstillroomforimprovement.还有改进余地。Thereisnothingtobedonenow.现在没有办法了。2、一般将来时There’sgoingtobetrouble.要出事了。Therewillberainnextweek.下星期要下雨。3、一般过去时Therewasalottobedone.Therewasn’tanychangeinhim.4、现在完成时Therehavebeenalotofinquiries.Therehavebeenalotofenquiries.5、过去完成时Therehadbeentwoseafightsbetweenthem.6、过去将来时TherewouldbeendlessrowsifIwasathome.★therebe结构可与情态动词can,could,will,would,must,may,might,oughtto及某些不及物动词seem,appear,happen等连用(1)Donotgointothehole,fortherecanbesnakesinit.(2)Thecardoesn’trun.Theremustbesomethingwrongwithit.(3)Thereseemedtobesomepeopleintheroom,forthewaterisstillhot.(4)Therehappenedtobeapolicemanthere.除be外，某些表示存在概念的不及物动词如come,live,remain,stand,lie,appear,exist,seem,remain,occur，arise······可以使句子变得更生动。也能用于there存在句。Longago,therelivedakingwholovedhorsesverymuch.Therestandsahouseonthetopofthemountain.Thereexistssomedoubtinwhathesaid.Therearouseinhisimaginationvisionsofaworldempire.他脑子里浮现出一幅世界帝国的蓝图TherebestoryONCEUPONATIMEAfairytown(Storybrooke)therebe的非限定形式theretobetherebeing:介词或动词的宾语、主语或状语。1．作宾语类似这样用的及物动词数量有限，常见的有：expect,mean,intend,want,like,prefer,hate等。例如：①I’dliketheretobeaswimming-poolinthegarden.②Thestudentsexpectedtheretobeanotheropportunitytodotheexperiment.2．作主语和状语时，使用therebeing结构。例如：①Therebeingabusstopnearthehouseisagreatadvantage.②Therehavingbeennofurtherbusiness,Ideclaredthemeetingclosed.由于没有其它事情，我宣布散会。Therehavingbeennorain,thegroundwasdry.由于没有下雨，地上很干燥。3．作介词补足成分两种结构都可以作补足成分。如果介词是for，只能使用theretobe结构；如果介词不是for，则要用therebeing结构。例如：①Fortheretobelife,theremustbeairandwater.要有生命，就必须有空气和水。②Thereisnowsomehopeoftherebeingasettlementofthedispute.现在多少有解决争端的希望了。Thestudentsexpectedthere________morereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexam.A.beB.beingC.havebeenD.tobeThere_________nofreshdrinkingwaterandnogoodfarmland,itwasnotacomfortableplaceinwhichtolive.A.beB.wasC.wereD.beingwehaveplannedforthere____apartythreeweekslater.A.beB.beingC.havebeenD.tobeLecture29IT—句型分类It句型“虚义”it“先行”it分裂句引导词“it”一，“虚义”it1，“虚义”it是一种“非指代性”it，以示区别人称代词it，常用作没有具体意义的表语，出现于表示气候、天气、温度、时间、地点、距离等意义的句子中。E.g.ItwasverywarmandwetinSouthChinathesedays.Itseemsalongtimebeforemyturncame.It’stwomilestothenearestpostofficefromhere.2.“虚义”it也常用来表示一般的笼统的情况。E.g.Ithasfaredwellwithhim.ItwasdullwhenMarywasaway.3,“虚义”it也常见于下列结构。Itlooksasifthecollegeisverysmall.Itseemsasthoughourplanwillbeperfect.It’smyturn.—Hegothisfirstbookpublished.Itturnedouttobeabestseller.—Whenwas_____?—_____wasin2000whenhewasstillincollege.A.that;ThisB.this;ItC.it;ThisD.that;It解析:正确答案为D。第一空是说话人想知道事件发生的时间,“那是什么时候?”,所以用that;第二空表示“时间”,用it作形式主语。it也常用于某些习惯用语中作宾语，各该习惯用语有具体意义，但it并无具体意义。如：cabit乘车catchit受责，受罚comeit尽自己分内comeitstrong做得过分hopit让开makeit办成takeitoutofsomebody拿某人出气I‘dappreciate________ifyouwouldliketoteachmehowtousethecomputer.A.thatB.thisC.youD.it解析:正确答案为D。本题考查表示“虚指”意义的it的用法。动词appreciate、dislike、hate、like、love、make等接由if或when引导的宾语从句时,往往在从句前加上形式宾语it。这句话的意思是“如果你愿意教我怎样使用计算机的话,我将非常感激”。二，“先行”itit的另一种用法是充当形式主语或形式宾语，后面的真正主语或真正宾语通常是不定式结构、-ing分词结构或名词性分句。E.g.It’sillegaltodrivewithoutalicense.(=Todrivewithoutalicenseisillegal.)ItwaspleasantmeetingyouinLondonthatday.(=MeetingyouinLondonthatdaywaspleasant.)并非所有先行it结构都能转换。E.g.ItseemsthatJohn’snotcomingafterall.（=Johndoesn’tseemstobecomingafterall.)Ithasbeenproved_____eatingvegetablesinchildhoodhelpstoprotectyouagainstseriousillnessesinlaterlife.A.ifB.becauseC.whenD.that解析:正确答案为D。本题考查的是it作形式主语的用法,真正的主语是“eatingvegetablesinchildhoodhelpstoprotectyouagainstseriousillnessesinlaterlife”,本句不缺少任何成分,只是陈述一件事实,故用that引导主语从句。Hedidn'tmake_____clearwhenandwherethemeetingwouldbeheld.A.thisB.thatC.itD.these解析:正确答案为C。本题考查it作形式宾语的用法。此题中的make后面接的是复合宾语,由于宾语从句“whenandwherethemeetingwouldbeheld”太长,故使用先行it作宾语,而把宾语从句放在宾补clear之后。三，“分裂句引导词”it1，分裂句分裂句是以it为引导词的强调句型。它的结构是：It+be的一定形式+中心成分+that-/who-分句E.g.ItwasJanethat/whocalledthismorning.JanegaveMaryahandbagatChristmas.(主语）ItwasJanethat/whogaveMaryahandbagatChristmas.（直宾）ItwasMarythatJohngaveahandbag(to)atChristmas.(间宾)ItwasahandbagthatJohngaveMaryatChristmas.(状语)ItwasatChristmasthatJohngaveMaryahandbag.分裂句的谓语动词be还可以采取复杂形式E.g.ItmayhavebeenatChristmasthatJohngaveMaryahandbag.ItmighthavebeenJohnwhogaveMaryahandbag.分裂句可以强调多种多样的状语成分，例如强调时间、地点、方式状语等，但单一方式副词通常不作分裂句中心成分。E.g.ItwasinShanghaithatIfirstmetMary.Itwasveryreluctantlythatsheagreedtohelp.分裂句也可以强调由because引导的原因状语从句e.g.Itwasbecauseitraisedsomanydifficultquestionsthatthebooktookalongtimetocomeout.Itwasnotuntilmidnight_____theyreachedthecampsite.A.thatB.whenC.whileD.a