初高中衔接句子成分结构梳理(修订版)

句子成分定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分：主语和谓语次要成分：宾语、定语、状语、补足语、表语、同位语句子成分◆主语◆谓语◆宾语◆定语◆状语◆补语◆表语◆同位语1.ImetmybestfriendTomatthestationyesterday.↓主语↓谓语↓定语↓宾语↓同位语↓状语㈠主语（subject）句子说明的人或事物（谁？什么？）•Janeisgoodatplayingthepiano.•Shewentoutinahurry.•Fourplusfouriseight.•Toseeistobelieve.•Smokingisbadforhealth.•Theyoungshouldrespecttheold.•Whathehassaidistrue.找出句中主语1.Thesunrisesintheeast.2.Helikesdancing.3.Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.4.Seeingisbelieving.5.Toseeistobelieve.6.Whatheneedsisabook.7.Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.1.名词，2.代词，3.数词，4.动名词，5.不定式，6.主语从句，7.It形式主语㈡谓语（干什么？怎么样？）说明主语的动作、状态和特征•简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成•Isawtheflagonthetopofthehill.•Helookedaftertwoorphans.•复合谓语：由情态动词或助动词+动词;•HecanspeakEnglishwell.•Hehascaughtabadcold.•Shedoesn’tseemtolikedancing.(三)宾语动作的对象或承受者——及物动词或介词的宾语•宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语指物,间接宾语指人.（双宾语）•Hegavemesomebooks.↓间接宾语↓直接宾语●Pleasepassmethebook.●Heboughtmesomeflowers.●Ilikemyjob.●Iloveyou.●Hewantedtoleavehere.●Theyenjoyedplayingcomputergames.（四）定语修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句•Heisacleverboy.•Hisfatherworksinasteelwork.•Thereare54studentsinourclass.•Doyouknowbetty’ssister?•Heboughtsomesleepingpills.•Thereisasleepingbabyinbed.•Hisspokenlanguageisgood.•Imetafriendonmywayhome.(形容词)(名词)(数词)(名词的所有格)(动名词)(现在分词)(过去分词)(副词)Thegirlinredishissister.Wehavealotofworktodo.Thegirlstandingunderthetreeishisdaughter.Doyouknowthemanwhospokejustnow?Thereisnothinginterestinginthisbook.（五）状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分•Iwillbebackinawhile.（时间）•Theyareplayingontheplayground.（地点）•Hewaslatebecausehegotuplate.（原因）•HegotupsolatethatImissedthetrain.（结果）•Iwaitedtoseeyou.（目的）•Heoftenwenttoschoolbybus.（方式）•Hisparentsdied,leavinghimanorphan.（结果）•Pleasecallmeifitisnecessary.（条件）•Thisbookisveryinteresting.（程度）•Hewenttoschoolinspiteofhisillness.（让步）•Healwayscomeslatetoschool.（频率）（六）宾语补足语有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整.这类常用的及物动词有make,consider,cause,see,find,call,get,have,let等.•Ifoundthebookinteresting.•Doyousmellsomethingburning?•Hemadehimselfknowntothem.•Sheaskedmetolendherahand.•Pleasemakeyourselfathome.•Pleasekeepthedogout.•Wemustkeepitasecret.主动语态变成被动语态后,宾语补足语变成主补.Ilastsawhimplayingneartheriver.→Hewaslastseenplayingneartheriver.Theteachercaughtthestudentcheatingintheexam.→Thestudentwascaughtcheatingintheexam.Wemadehimmonitor.→Hewasmademonitor.Hepushedthedooropen.→Thedoorwaspushedopen.（七）表语系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征常见的系动词有:be(am,is,are,were,was),appear,look,seem,feel,smell,taste,sound,keep,turn,become,get,grow,come,go等系动词不用于被动语态.•Theappletastessweet.1.Thewarwasover.2.Theyseemtoknowthetruth.3.Timeisprecious.4.I’mnotquitemyselftoday.5.Whowasthefirst?6.Heisoutofcondition.7.ThebookiswhatIneed.（八）同位语位于名词或代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况Weyoungpeopleshouldrespecttheold.名词Hehimselfwilldotheexperiment.代词Heistheoldestamongthemfour.数词Hetoldmethenewsthatourteamwonthegame.从句HetoldmethenewsthatIaminterestedin.定语从句•Hewent.•Hewentthere.•Hewentthereyesterday.•Hewenttheretoseehismotheryesterday.•Hewenttheretoseehismotherillinhospitalbybikeyesterday.Exercises:分析句子结构•Youareastudent.•Hefelthappytoday.•Whatyousaidmademehappy.•CouldyougivemesomeadviceonhowtolearnEnglishwell?•Afterhefinishedhishomework,hewentaway.•Helikespopmusic.•Istayedawakeuntil11:30oneeveninginordertohaveagoodlookatthemoonbymyself.•Annenamedherdiarykittybecauseshethoughtitwasherbestfriend.●Thesoundsoundsstrange.●Thefoodtastesgood.●Hegavemeabookyesterday.●Weallthinkitapitythatshedidn’tcomehere.●I’llhavemybikerepaired.