高楼逃生装置设计-毕业设计正文

湖北民族学院理学院2014届本科毕业论文(设计)高楼逃生装置设计学生姓名：学号：专业：答辩时间：指导老师：评阅老师：I摘要本文设计的高楼逃生装置是利用负反馈闭环系统原理实现自减速功能,是一种不需要使用任何能源的纯机械装置。为了使该装置的体积小、重量轻、结构紧凑，以便于放置和使用。本文对该装置主要的零件、机构进行优化设计和校核。然后通过计算验证可知该装置的自减速功能可以实现，能够使逃生人员以一个安全速度抵达地面。关键词：高楼逃生装置,负反馈闭环系统原理，纯机械装置IIAbstractThehigh-riseescapedevicedesignedhereinistheuseoftheprincipleofanegativefeedbacklooptoachieveself-decelerationfunction.Itisapurelymechanicaldevicewithoutusinganyenergy.Tomakethedevicesmall,light,compact,andfacilitateplacementanduse.Herein,themainpartandmechanismofthedevicetooptimaldesignandcheck.Thenverifiedbycalculationshowsthattheself-decelerationfunctionofthedevicecanbeachieved,enablingtheescapepersonnelatasafespeedreachtheground.Keywords:Thehigh-riseescapedevice,Theprincipleofanegativefeedbackloop,Thepurelymechanicaldevice目录摘要··································································································IAbstract··································································································II1绪言1.1课题的背景及研究意义········································································11.2国内外研究现状··················································································11.3高楼逃生装置的类型···········································································21.3.1内凸轮式高楼逃生装置······································································21.3.2涡轮蜗杆式高楼逃生装置···································································31.3.3心摩擦式高楼逃生装置······································································42设计方案的确定2.1方案设计原理·····················································································62.2设计方案的优缺点··············································································83逃生装置各部件设计3.1轴的设计···························································································93.1.1主动轴的设计·················································································93.1.2从动轴的设计··················································································93.2齿轮的设计·······················································································103.2.1按齿轮齿面接触疲劳强度设计···························································103.2.2按齿轮齿根弯曲强度设计··································································133.3其他零部件设计·················································································143.3.1板件和手柄的设计···········································································143.3.2连杆和挂钩的设计···········································································144逃生装置的计算和验证4.1静力学平衡计算·················································································154.2加速度和速度计算·············································································164.3估算一定条件下逃生最大高度······························································184.4分析逃生装置的可行性·······································································195总结与展望·······················································································20致谢··································································································21参考文献·······························································································2211绪言1.1课题的背景及研究意义随着世界经济的发展，各个城市高楼林立。而高楼火灾、爆炸、地震等事故时有发生，高楼逃生自救就成为了迫切需要解决的问题。一般多功能的高层建筑，内部通道错综复杂，一旦发生火灾，楼内通风口会迅速扩大火势和烟雾，很快就会扩散到各个角落，一旦浓烟覆盖就会寸步难行。进而困在楼上无法脱身。当突如其来的灾难来临时，电梯会因为电力中断而不能用，楼梯又被人群堵死，一般的地面救援装备在高度上可能不够，而且还会因为装备的笨重而不能迅速快捷的实施救援[1]。从而延误抢救时机，有很多人都因此而丢掉了宝贵的生命或则留下终身残疾。因此如何快速而有效的逃离起火大楼成了一个生死攸关的问题。高楼逃生装置就在这样的环境应运而生。本设计要求在高层建筑发生火灾等其他突发情况时，设计一种可以帮助人们方便，快捷的逃生工具。要求设计的逃生装置在各种结构的建筑物都可以适用，操作简单自动化，可以在一个人可以操作的尺寸和重量的范围内使用和运送,多次重复往返高楼大厦进行施救。因此，它可以最大限度地减少火灾伤亡。通过分析现有的一些高楼逃生装置，虽然大部分设备可以实现高楼逃生此功能，但其复杂的结构原理和操作系统，昂贵的价格和偏低的安全性对高楼逃生自救还是很有限的。一些设备还需要电源控制，但当地震或火灾很可能无电力供应。复杂的操作使得有些人可能有自救装置因为不会使用而葬生。因此，本次设计高楼逃生装置是基于负反馈回路系统设计的一种结构简单、操作方便，并且不需要电力或其他能源驱动的纯机械结构的逃生装置。其原理是当逃脱人员因为重力下落时通过机构转换，产生阻碍逃生人员快速下落的阻力，随着逃生人员下降，阻力能够随之增大，使逃生人员在下降过程中依次经历加速、匀速、减速三个阶段，最终以一个安全的速度到达地面，实现成功自救。该装置仰角人工可调，不用的仰角合适不同的高度范围。当从动轴和绳索之间的摩擦系数以及绳索的直径发生变化时，还可以通过改变该装置的仰角来恢复该装置的正常使用，适应于各种环境。1.2国内外研究现状在我们国家，主要的救生设备是缓降逃生器和空气救生垫。缓降逃生器[2]主要用于普通家庭和个人，它是由调速器，安全带，安全钩，绳索等组成。可携带100公斤左右个人自由单向滑动，以每秒1.5米左右的速度下降。从建筑物的30楼逃生，需要花费超过60秒的时间，根据体重的不同，稍微有所差异。虽然平时60秒看似不起眼，但在分秒必争的灾难逃生的现场下或稍显较长。现在使用这种2逃生缓降器的情况并不理想，除了家庭消防意识弱，经济因素的原因。还因为这种逃生缓降器适用范围不高，老年儿童及病残都不能有效操作使用，可能还会出现多家庭同时使用产生交织安装问题，而且需要定期维护。以上种种因素导致它难以进入普通人们的家庭。空气救生垫是利用充气膨胀而产生缓冲效果的高空救生设备。大部分都是由高强度纤维材料缝纫、粘合制成。使用时用高压气瓶充气即可，但救生气垫的安全性随着楼层的高度增加而降低。在3-4层建筑物使用效果还是非常可观的，但是随着高度的增加，其缓冲效果和逃生人员落地的准确性都得不到保障。因此空气救生垫应用范围非常有限，对于楼层过高的高楼下跳是非常危险的。本来可能还有生路，这样纵身一跃把唯一的生路都无意间放弃了，如果跳下来没有落在救生垫上，结果肯定会很惨。目前，国外高楼逃生装置有以下几种形式：间歇冲击：间歇性冲击式逃生装置是由间歇性的撞击消耗能源[3]。就和一个时钟的擒纵叉和擒纵轮的道理一样，达到消耗能量的目的。液体流动阻尼：液体流阻尼逃生装置[4]是根据液体流经小孔时会产生稳定阻尼来降低速度的原理。其主要特点是由于液体阻尼器的尺寸依赖于外部负载，所以不管体重大小都能使用，而且效果良好。此外，据《新科学家》杂志报道，美国国防部高级研究计划局正在研究弹射飞人。该研究的现实用途非常特殊，可以在紧急情况下可以把将警方或消防人员发送到高楼，从而迅速完成各项任务的。一种斜轨是以一个与地面斜坡成80的姿态靠近目标位置，执行任务的人员坐在椅子上——类似于飞行员驾驶舱的弹射座椅。压缩气瓶中的空气从中迅速排出，则沿滑轨弹射座椅，到达滑轨顶部的时停止，身体由于惯性飞到屋顶，安全到达指定位置。正确计算抛物线轨迹是此方案成功与否的关键。因此如果有一台能够精准控制发射角度和速度的电脑，此方案必定可行。据报道，确实有这样一台电脑能够两秒内把人安全送到5楼