英语主题演讲之美国教育 american education

Chapter6AmericanEducation——ABriefHistoryIntroduction•Americahashadagreatrespectforeducationfromitsearliesttimes.•Content:EvolutionandtransformationofAmericaneducation.•Aim:ProbeintothechangesofsocialandculturalvaluesintheUnitedStatesatdifferenttimesABriefHistory•ColonialPeriod•EarlyRepublicPeriod•ThePublicSchoolMovement•NewDirectionandRapidDevelopment•ProblemsandResponses•FurtherReforminEducationColonialPeriodColonialPeriod•Educationreceivedenormousattentionfrombothgovernmentinstitutionsandthegeneralpublic.•ThedevelopmentbeganinMassachusettsBayColony.•MakeeducationaccessibletopeoplelivinginthewildernessofNorthAmerica.1.Amongthefirstsettlers,therewasanunusuallyhighproportionofeducatedmen.2.Theearlysettlerswereintenselyreligious.ColonialPeriod•Outofthecombinationofthesetwofactors,manyschoolswereestablishedlongbeforethefoundingofthenationitself.•Harvardcollege——1636•CollegeofWilliamandMary——1693GovernmentregulationColonyofMassachusetts•In1642,itpassedalawassigningtheresponsibilityforeducationtoparents.•In1647,moreradicallawwaspassed——everytowntoprovideitschildrenwithschoolsandschoolmasters.Othercolonies•Within40years,virtuallyalloftheAmericancolonieshadtheirpublicschoolssetup.•Bytheendof17thcentury,settlersoftheEnglishcolonieswerereceivingeducationofsomekind.consequences•YoungergenerationwouldbeenabledtoseektruthsintheBiblethemselves.(Religion)•Childrenwouldbebetterpreparedtoconfrontwiththeuncertaintiesofcoloniallife•Thefollowinggenerationisabletoconductthepolitical,economicandreligiousaffairsofthecolonies.EducationalinstitutionsEducationalinstitutions•Inthe17thcenturyAdualsystemofeducation•Since18thcenturyBusiness-orientedandtrade-orientededucationAdualsystemofeducation•ApprenticeshipandelementaryschoolsForlearningthereadingandwritingofEnglishLowerclasses•SecondaryschoolsoftheLatingrammartypeandcollegesUpperclasses•ReligiouseducationexistsinbothtypesofeducationBusiness-orientedandtrade-orientededucation•Socialbackground:therankofthemiddleclassesbegantoswell.•Itassumedutilitarianandpracticalvalues.•Forms:privateEnglishschoolstheacademyEvaluation•Moredemocratictype•Forerunnerofladdersysteminthe19thcentury•oneofthemostimportantsocialinventionsofAmericancultureEarlyRepublicPeriodEarlyRepublicPeriod•ThomasJefferson•MoreGeneralDiffusionofKnowledge•BeganinVirginia•Expandedtootherstates•Permanentfundswerecreatedtosupportthebuildingofschoolsandtheemploymentofschoolmasters.•Lotteriesorspecialtaxrevenues•ShortlyaftertheIndependenceWar•1787NorthwestOrdinancePage135Purposes•Buildanaturalaristocracy•Offerthebestopportunitiesforpeopleofallkindstogetaheadinsociety.•Educationisthemostimportantfactorindeterminingaperson’ssocialroleandeconomicprospectsintheUnitedstates.Problem•Educationopportunitieswereabundantinearly19thcenturyinAmerica.•However,notallchildrenactuallywenttoschool.Why?•Law•Childlabor•Getaliving•Transportation•NotfreePage135ThePublicSchoolMovementThePublicSchoolMovement•Startedinthe1830s•Reformer:headedbyHoraceMann•Publicresponsibilityforeducationfromtheelementarytothesecondarylevel•LedbyMassachusettsFormation•In1827,Massachusetts,freehighschool;•Between1825~1850,acrossthenation,tax-supportedpubliceducation;•By1850,everystate,asystemoffreepublicschoolspaidforbypublictaxes.•Achievement:•anonsectarian,publiclysupportedschoolsystemPage136CollegesanduniversitiesCollegesanduniversities•Developedinseveralstates•By1860,over200collegeshadbeenestablishedandadmittedbothmenandwomen.•Mostlywerestate-funded•Largelylocatedinrecently-settledstates•In1862,U.S.CongresspassedalawManyland-grantcollegesweresetupTheCivilWar•Thecivilwarbroughtvariousobstacles,butsoonblossomedintoarenaissance——bothpublicschoolmovementandcolleges.Philanthropicsupport•Theland-grantcollegesspreadwidelyoverthewest•Anadditionalboosterwhenprivatephilanthropicresourcespouredtheirmoneyintoinstitutionsofhigherlearning.Consequences•Theappearancesofgraduateandprofessionalfacilities.•MadetheUnitedStatesoneoftheleadingcountriesinuniversityeducation.•Otherinstitutionsofhigherlearning•Mettheneedsofspecificgroupsofindividuals(teacher’scollege,etc.)Bothintheoryandinpractice,theidealofuniversaleducationwasembracedandacknowledgedbyAmericansattheturnofthe20thcentury.NewDirectionandRapidDevelopmentNewDirection•Sincetheearly20thcentury•Puttheoryintopractice•Attemptedtoanswertheneedsofanexpandingnationwithexpandingworldinterest•Americaneducationby1918hadbecomeabigbusiness.Page137~138RapidDevelopment•By1920,thegoaloffreeeducationforallchildreninelementaryschoolshadbeenfairlyaccomplished.•Duringthe1920sand1940s,muchprogresswasmadeinsecondaryandhighereducation——muchhigherenrollment•AftertheSecondWorldWar•……AftertheSecondWorldWar•Americanhighereducationwitnessedanevengreaterexpansion.•Reason:Servicemen’sReadjustmentAct(theso-called“G.I.Bill”)in1944•aim:toeasethereturnofsoldierstocivilianlife•Meanwhile,graduateschoolsintheUnitedStatesgrewmorerapidlythanever.Page138ProblemsandResponsesProblems•Beginning:in1950sthelaunchingoftheSputnikbytheRussians•Disadvantages:•Smallerproportion