The-Lexical-Approach

TheLexicalApproachPresentedby秦艺元contents1.Introduction2.Design3.ConclusionPart1IntroductionDefinitionThebuildingblocksofTLandcommunicationarenotgrammar,functions,notions,orsomeotherunitofplanningandteachingbutlexis---wordsandwordcombinations所谓词块，就是事先预制好且被频繁使用的多个词的组合，这种词汇组合有自己特定的结构和相对稳定的意思。Background:TheoryofLearing儿童语言习得研究却发现，人们获得语言的基础是一些词汇组块(1exicalchunk)。儿童学习语言主要依赖两种机制：条块分割和组合处理（1989年Macwinney发现，儿童学习语言时，会着重依赖两种机制来学习语言音节、词汇及句子）MichaelLewis在1993年提出lexicalapproach（即在英语作为第二语言中以学习固定搭配或习惯搭配为主的理论）语言的词汇组块观的根本原则(Lewis.1993):语言是语法化的词汇而不是词汇化的语法句法为语法服务,而不是相反(Widdowson.1989)Altenberg(1991)发现约70%的日常口语都由这些词汇的词块组成Background:TheoryofLanguage▪Lewis(1997)将词汇组块分成四类:1.多词词(poly-words),如:inaword,forinstance,backandforth;2.高频搭配组合(highfrequencycollocations),如:haveawalk;3.固定表达(fixed-expressions)如，goodnight4.半固定表达(semifixed-expressions)：Part2DesignDesign:Objectives▪以语言观为基础（lexisplaysthecentralrole）▪强调将多个词以“组块”式的形式进行学习和使用Design:Teacherroles▪TeacherrolesinlexicalapproachareassumedasthoseinKrashen’sNaturalApproach.–Teachertalkisamajorsourceoflearnerinputindemonstratinghowlexicalphrasesareusedfordifferentfunctionalpurposes.–TeachersneedtounderstandandmanageaclassroommethodologybasedonstagescomposedofTask,PlanningandReport.–Teachers,shouldcreateanenvironmentinwhichlearnerscanoperateeffectivelyandmanagetheirownlearning.–Teachersshouldabandontheideaoftheteacheras“knower”andconcentrateinsteadontheideathatlearnersas“discoverer”.（“榜样”）（课堂管理者）（学习环境的创造者）Design:Learnerrolesdataanalyst▪（constructhisorherownlinguisticgeneralizationsbasedonexaminationoflargecorporaoflanguagesamplestakenfrom“reallife”）▪Learnersneedtraininginhowtousetheconcordanceeffectivelythroughdifferentstagesoflexicalanalysissuchasobservation,classification,andgeneralization.▪Learnersmakeuseofcomputerstoanalyzetextdatapreviouslycollectedormadeavailable“free-form”ontheInternet.Design:Typesoflearningandteachingactivities▪Learningandteachingactivitiesmainlydependonhowtheteacherrolesandlearnerrolesareperformedandhowthefourtypesofteachingmaterialsarepresentedandprocessed.Procedures▪Proceduralsequencesforlexicallybasedlanguageteachingvarydependingonwhichofthefourtypesofmaterialsandactivitiesoutlinedintheprecedingsectionareemployed.▪But,classroomprocedurestypicallyinvolvetheuseofactivitiesthatdrawstudents’attentiontolexicalcollocations.Procedures▪Hill(2000)suggeststhatclassroomproceduresinvolve:-Teachingindividualcollocations;–Makingstudentsawareofcollocations;–Extendingwhatstudentsalreadyknowbyaddingknowledgeofcollocationrestrictionstoknownvocabulary;–Storingcollocationsthroughencouragingstudentstokeepalexicalnotebook.Part3MeritMerit▪培养语言习得早期的流利性▪奠定语言发展的基础▪克服工作记忆加工限制的局限▪降低语言使用的门槛▪便于文化理解和表达Thanks