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10200811-19,,,:;;,;,,(Newmeyer1998:13-8)()()(McCarthyandPrince1993;PrinceandSmolensky1993),;:(F2)(M2):F2,;M2M2M2,(McCarthyandPrince2004[1994]),M2,,M2,M2,??,:,,:,?,?,,,(Chomsky1965,1971,1:)M2,1.(McCarthyandPrince1993;PrinceandSmolensky1993):(GovernmentandBinding,GB;Chomsky1981a)(MinimalistProgram,MP;Chomsky1995),;SPE(Chomsky1967;ChomskyandHalle1968),1.1SPE,,Chomsky,,;,(Chomsky1971:44),,,SPE,,[2F][F],,(ChomskyandHalle1968:400),:(1)();(2),SPE(ChomskyandHalle1968:Chapter9),,,,;,SPE,Chomsky(1965,1980,1981a,1981b,1982,1986,1995,1998,2004)GBMP,I2E2MP(Chomsky1995)2,:,(initialstate);;:;;,,,,,(Halle1978;BrombergerandHalle1989;HalleandStevens1991;Bromberger1992),Chomsky(1995)(),Chomsky,,,,Chomsky,,:;;,():;(M&P1993),;:(Chomsky1967;ChomskyandHalle1968);,SPE:,SPESPE,,,,,,1.2SPE,:(Chomsky1967;ChomskyandHalle1968;McCawley1999[1973];Anderson1974;KenstowiczandKisseberth1977)(Kiparsky1982;Mohanan1982;Pulleyblank1986),(Goldsmith1976;McCarthy1979;HalleandVergnaud1980;HulstandSmith1982);(Archangeli1988;Steriade1986);320081(Clements1985;Sagey1986;Kaye,etal.1985;Hulst1989;Halle1995),,(Goldsmith1990),,,(Hayes1995):,,SPE,,,:(1),;(2),;(3),,,(Goldsmith1976),,(ClementsandFord1979;Pulleyblank1986),(Leben1973;McCarthy1986)(Odden1986,1988),,:,,,,:,(PrinceandSmolensky1993:185)1.3McCarthy(2002),ChomskyChomsky,(Chomsky1981b),,(Trubetzkoy/Baltaxe1969;Jakobson1958;Jakobson/Keiler1968;Greenberg1978;Comrie1981;Croft1990),(Lakoff1987)(Blevins2004),,,,,,,,4,,,BrombergerHalle(2000):,Chomsky(1995),,,,,(McCarthy2002:221),,,(PrinceandSmolensky1993),,,P,P;,P,(McCarthy2002:151),,,,,,,,,,M2,,,;M2,M2,Chomsky,,,M2M2(McCarthy2002)M2,520081PrinceandSmolensky(1993:67),:,,,-,,(),MPNewmeyer(1998:350-64),,,;,,,,,;,,,;,:,,2.,,,,:M2(PrinceandSmolensky1993:4);()()(McCarthy2002:220),:(1);;M2,;,;,(HaleandReiss2000)(2)(),:M2(Kager1999:11);(functionalOT)(directphoneticOT)(functionalphonology,Boersma1998,2000,2003),,6,(positionalfaithfulness,Beckman1998)(targetedconstraint,Wilson2001),2.1:Lazy()MaximiseContrast(),(DoneganandStampe1979:130),,,,,(HayesandSteriade2004:1),Kirchner(2004)Flemming(2004)M2LazyMaximiseContrast,Lazy,,;Lazy,,MaximiseContrast,,,,MaximiseContrast,Kirchner(2004),Lazy2nLazy2n,;Kirchner(force2unit),Lazy2nn(thresholdnumber),Lazy2n21mLazy2n,,[º][b],/aba/[aºa],Lazy2n,,,,,,,,Lazy2nn,,Lazy2n:,,,,,720081,Lazy2n,(theoryofadaptivedispersion,Lindblom1990),Flemming(2004)(thedispersiontheoryofcontrast)MaximiseContrast,,,,,,[iy¡u],F2();,F2,F2;,F2,F2,F2,F2,,,[i][u];[i][y],[y][u],[i][¡],[¡][u][i][u]MaximiseContrastLazy2n,MaximiseContrast,,,,;,MaximiseContrastBoersma(1998,2000)Boersma,(McCarthyandPrince1993;PrinceandSmolensky1993)M2,,M2:,LazyMaximiseContrast,,Boersma(2003),,,Boersma,,:;2.2,/8Kirchner(2004),,Flemming(2004),(Kiparsky1968)SPE,,,(Archangeli1997:31;McCarthy2002:228),,,,AnttilaCho(2004),::CmCm():C:Cm()CmCm()CmmC():CmmC();,M2Cm,,Cm:CmmCCm,,,,Boersma(2003)M2,,(greatvowelshift),Miglio(1998,2005)Distance():;DistanceF2,;DistanceF2;,,MinkovaStockwell(2003:173)HearClear():,HearClear,‹j:Žj:Œj:ij,‹j,,:,920081Kiparsky(1968),,,,,(Lightfoot1993;Crain2001;Reiss2003),Raffelsiefen(2000)(leveling)M2Level;LevelF2,;,Raffelsiefen,,,,,,,,,,,Kiparsky(2000),,;,:,Dresher(2000),,,Reiss(2003),(parsing);,,,,,Reiss(2003),,,,2.3,,,(),;,,,,:;:,01;,;,;,,,,:(1);(2);(3)TesarSmolensky(2000),,M2F2M2F2,,Hayes(1999,2004)Hayes,,,;,,,,Hayes,:Hayes(inductivegrounding,IG),IG,,,,,(phoneticsmap),IG:;,,,,,,,,IG1120081Hayes(2004),,,,Hayes(localmaximumofeffectiveness),(),,,,,Hayes,,Hayes,Hayes,,;,;,,Hayes(1999),,,,IG,,,,Boersma(2000),Boersma,,Boersma,:;,,Boersma,;,,Boersma(2000:475)M2F2(0-100):,,21,,;,,,,,,,,,,,Boersma;,F2F2,F2,,F2M2,:(1);(2);(3),:,Boersma,;,;,F2M2,3.McCarthy(2002),Chomsky:;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(McCarthy31200812002:224),,,,,;,,,,,,,,,,,,;,,,,,,,lu,,,,,(Bromberger1992;BrombergerandHalle2000;Halle2002)(mentalentity),,,,(Pierrehumbert1980;Keating1990),,:,,,:,,(Boersma2000;Flemming2001),,,,(Flemming2001),McCarthy(2003),,,,(PrinceandSmolensky1993:175),,41luChomskyLasnik(1977),,,,M2(O1);,,,(O2),O1O2,,,McCarthy(2002),,,,,,,,,,(SPE),,M2,Anderson(1981):?,(2005),(1),(2)Chomsky(1981a),;,,(McCarthy2002);,,,,(McCarthy2002),,,;,,,(Boersma2000),,(Chomsky1959)5120081Anderson,S.R.1974.TheOrganizationofPhonology.NewYork:SeminarPress..1981.Whyphonologyisnptnatural.LinguisticInquiry12:493-539.Anttila,A.andY.Y.Cho.2004.VariationandchangeinOptimalityTheory.InJ.McCarthy,ed.,OptimalityTheoryinPhonology.Oxford:Blackwell.Pp.569-80.Archangeli,D.1988.Aspectsofunderspecificationtheory.Phonology5:183-207..1997OptimalityTheory:Anintroductiontolinguistics.InD.ArchangeliandD.T.Langendoen,eds.,OptimalityTheory:AnOverview.Oxford:Blackwell.Pp.1-32.Beckman,J.1998.PositionalFaithfulness.Ph.D.diss.,UniversityofMassachusetts,Amherst.Blevins,J.2004.EvolutionaryPhonology:TheEmergenceofSoundPatterns.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.Boersma,P.1998.FunctionalPhonology:FormalizingtheI