欧洲文化入门(一)2017-9-12

WelcomeEuropeanCulture:AnIntroduction欧洲文化入门Textbook《EuropeanCulture:AnIntroduction》欧洲文化入门主编：王佐良祝珏李品伟高厚堃外语教学与研究出版社Contents1.GreekCultureandRomanCulture2.TheBibleandChristianity3.TheMiddleAges4.RenaissanceandReformation5.TheSeventeenthCentury6.TheAgeofEnlightenment7.Romanticism8.MarxismandDarwinism9.Realism10.ModernismandOtherTrends11.ReviewforFinalTestchronologicalAssessmentFinalScoreCoursework20%regulargrade20%FinalTest60%ThePurposeofLearningEuropeanCultureLanguagecannotbelearnedwithoutsomeknowledgeoftheculturebehindit.Europeancultureitselfisapartofworldculture.Someknowledgeofitisnecessarytousascitizensoftheworld.Toshowone’sopinion:OneselfTheleaderOldagelifePurposeforMyCultureClassLearningcultureisnottorecitenumerousinformationsfromtextbook.Buttoimproveself-cultivation,topromoteone’sthinkingability,thentoprobeourculture’smeritsanddefectsfromdifferentculture,tothinkaboutwhatweshouldlearnfromothersandwhatothersshouldlearnfromours.Sothatwecouldcultivateahabitofthinkingandknowinghowtomakelifemeaningful.ForMyPersonalView文化，不是让你死记硬背时间、地点、人物、事件、影响、意义。而是透过不同的文化，探究自身文化的优缺点，从中吸取精华、去除糟粕，来达到提升自我修养，培养独立思考能力的目的。从而让文化成为我们参悟生活，领会人生意义的重要渠道。IntroductionUsesoftheSubjectLanguagecannotbelearnedwithouttheknowledgeoftheculturebehindit.Necessarytothecitizensoftheworld.TwoMajorElementsinEuropeanCultureGreco-RomanelementJudeo-ChristianelementCivilizationandCultureCivilization:(a)(espadvanced)stateofhumansocialdevelopment.(b)[C]cultureandwayoflifeofapeople,nationorperiodregardedasastageinthedevelopmentoforganizedsociety.[U]civilizedconditionsorsocietyEg:thecivilizationsofancientEgyptandBabylon;livefarfromcivilizationCulture:[U](a)refinedunderstandingandappreciationofart,literature,etc(b)(oftenderog)art,literature,etccollectively;[U]stateofintellectualdevelopmentofasocietyEg:touristscomingtoVeniceinsearchofculture;twentieth-centurymassculturewesterncivilizationandwesterncultureWestern1.geographicfactor(simple)2.theresultofthecoactionsofaseriesofhistoricalfactors,suchasruleoflaw,freedom,democracy,scienceandprivateownershipofproperty…Westerncivilization:hererefersprincipallytothegeneralconditionsofsocialandculturaldevelopmentswesternculture:manyaspects(educationalsystems,publicinstitutions,spiritualpursuits,concernsforscienceandculture….)WhendidWesterncivilizationoriginate?Westerncivilizationhasahistoryofalmost5,000yearssincetheoriginofCretansociety.Herrapidgrowth,highprosperityandworldinfluencedidnotcomeuntiltheRenaissance.wheredidWesterncultureoriginate?WesterncultureoriginatedinGreek,RomanandperhapsCelticculture,whichisknownasclassicism.IthasalsobenefitedalotfromJewishculture.TheOriginofCultureMesopotamia—两河流域文明Egyptian—古埃及文明Hebrew—希伯来文明GreekandRoman—希腊与罗马文化（文化=文明）DivisionOneGreekCultureandRomanCultureTheOrigin--historyCrete(3000B.C.)克里特岛TrojanWar(1200B.C.)特洛伊战争GreekDarkAges(1200B.C.—800B.C.)ArchaicGreece(800B.C.—500B.C.)古风时期ClassicalPeriod(500B.C.—336B.C.)古典时期HellenisticAge(336B.C.—31B.C.)希腊化时代GreeceandTroy1.Historicalcontext(background)BronzeAgeintheAegeanSeaArea(3000B.C.-2900B.C.)WarbetweenGreeceandTroyinabout1,200B.C.Greekcultureinthe5thcenturyB.C.CivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.RuleofAlexanderinthe4thcenturyB.C.In146B.C.theRomansconqueredGreece.GreekCultureSocialandPoliticalStructure(P3)Athenswasa“democracy”.Theeconomyrestedonanimmenseamountofslavelabour.TheGreekslovedsports.OlympicGamesTheworld’sforemostamateursportscompetition(1896)3.HomerHomer荷马(around700B.C.),epic史诗Iliad《伊利亚特》Odyssey《奥德赛》TodayweseeIliadandtheOdysseyincorporatedintothecourseofalmosteveryhighschoolinAmerica.GreekCultureHomer700B.C.AuthorofancientGreeks’epics(1200-1100B.C.)TheIliadTrojanWarGreek:Agamemnon,Achilles,OdysseusTrojan:HectorTheOdysseyReturnofOdysseusaftertheTrojanWartohishomeislandofIthaca.EpicDefinition：Anepicisalongnarrativepoemofgreatscaleandgrandiosestyleabouttheheroeswhoareusuallywarriorsorevendemigods.简言之，史诗是叙述英雄传说或重大历史事件的叙事长诗。TrojanWar特洛伊战争InGreekmythologyandinIliadandOdysseybyHomerAbout1,200B.C.WarbetweenGreeceandTroyFoughtoverthebeautifulHelenLastedfor10yearsTrojanhorseTroydefeatedGreeceandTroyGreekCultureAchilles阿喀琉斯/阿基里斯MatchingGoldappleTrojanhorseAchillesheelDeathfulweaknessBaneIntrudingdestructiveelementMatching(key)Goldapple—BaneTrojanhorse—IntrudingdestructiveelementAchillesheel—Deathfulweakness“不和的金苹果”—祸根“特洛伊木马”—侵入内部的破坏性因素“阿喀琉斯的脚踵”—致命的弱点Poetry=Poem=Verse（诗歌）Ballad（民谣）Lyric（抒情诗）Epic（史诗）Ode（颂诗）Elegy（挽歌）Pastoral（田园诗）Sonnet（十四行诗）NarrativePoem（叙事诗）BlankVerse（无韵体诗）FreeVerse（自由体诗）4.Lyric（抒情诗）Definition:Alyricisapoemthatexpressesstrongfeeling.4.LyricWritersSappho(about612-580B.C.)萨福----lovepoemPindar(about518-438B.C.)品达----odes：apoemtopraiseandglorifyanindividualorathing.GreekCultureLyricPoetrySappho(612-580B.C.)womanpoet-ThemostimportantlyricpoetofancientGreece-NotedforlovepoemsofpassionateintensityPindar(518-438B.C.)Bestknownforodescelebratingthevictoriesattheathleticgames.(the14Olympianodes)5.DramaOpen-airtheatres,stonebenches,lookingdownatth